Citizen, Invert, Queer: Lesbianism and War in Early Twentieth-Century Britain

Citizen, Invert, Queer: Lesbianism and War in Early Twentieth-Century Britain Review

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Citizen, Invert, Queer: Lesbianism and War in Early Twentieth-Century Britain Feature

In late nineteenth-century England, “mannish” women were considered socially deviant but not homosexual. A half-century later, such masculinity equaled lesbianism in the public imagination. How did this shift occur? Citizen, Invert, Queer illustrates that the equation of female masculinity with female homosexuality is a relatively recent phenomenon, a result of changes in national and racial as well as sexual discourses in early twentieth-century public culture.

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This Side Up: Spatial Determination in the Early Development of Animals (Developmental and Cell Biology Series)

This Side Up: Spatial Determination in the Early Development of Animals (Developmental and Cell Biology Series) Review

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This Side Up: Spatial Determination in the Early Development of Animals (Developmental and Cell Biology Series) Feature

This comprehensive and cogent survey examines the subject of embryonic determination, the set of processes fundamental to animal development by which cells in the early embryo acquire different developmental capabilities. Examining both the classical literature and the newer, molecular findings, the author summarizes the current state of our understanding of determination and poses key questions for the future. He begins with a consideration of how much spatial pattern is already laid down when the egg forms inside the mother, and ends just before the formation of visible organs. Within these limits he also considers evidence obtained by a variety of techniques, both experimental and biochemical, derived from the embryos of a variety of animal groups. This is a suitable text for upper level undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in developmental biology.

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Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England (Studies in Medieval History and Culture)

Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England (Studies in Medieval History and Culture) Review

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Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England (Studies in Medieval History and Culture) Feature

This book analyzes the gendered transformation of magical figures occurring in Arthurian romance in England from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries.

In the earlier texts, magic is predominantly a masculine pursuit, garnering its user prestige and power, but in the later texts, magic becomes a primarily feminine activity, one that marks its user as wicked and heretical. This project explores both the literary and the social motivations for this transformation, seeking an answer to the question, 'why did the witch become wicked?'

Heidi Breuer traverses both the medieval and early modern periods and considers the way in which the representation of literary witches interacted with the culture at large, ultimately arguing that a series of economic crises in the fourteenth century created a labour shortage met by women. As women moved into the previously male-dominated economy, literary backlash came in the form of the witch, and social backlash followed soon after in the form of Renaissance witch-hunting. The witch figure serves a similar function in modern American culture because late-industrial capitalism challenges gender conventions in similar ways as the economic crises of the medieval period.

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